JDK vs JRE vs JVM

Short answer: the JVM runs bytecode, the JRE is the JVM plus the standard libraries needed to run programs, and the JDK is the JRE plus the tools needed to develop them.

• JVM (Java Virtual Machine) — loads .class files, verifies the bytecode, and executes it with an interpreter plus a JIT compiler that turns hot code into native machine code. It also manages memory (heap, stacks, garbage collection). There is a JVM build for each OS and CPU; the bytecode is the same everywhere.
• JRE (Java Runtime Environment) — the JVM together with the core class libraries (java.lang, java.util, …). Enough to run an application, not to compile one.
• JDK (Java Development Kit) — the JRE plus development tools: javac (compiler), java (launcher), jar, javadoc, jdb, jshell and others.

JDK  = JRE + javac, jar, javadoc, jshell, …
JRE  = JVM + class libraries

Since Java 11, Oracle and most vendors ship only the JDK; a trimmed runtime for deployment is built with jlink. Saying that in an interview shows you know the modern picture.